Hányǚ tę̣ çę̀ngchźfǎ

Chīng-púsòngchì cžjīn

p, t, k, c
p̀, t̀, k̀, c̀

"Cǐnjīn"

pp, tt, kk, cc (tāngcùo Hányü thę̀jǒu tę̣ jì çǒng fājīn)
"'p, 't, 'k, 'c" hùo "xp, xt, xk, xc" (z̧ùo z̧ę̀nwéi chíenmìen şr̀ jǒu hóuşę̀thóu)

Double	'	x
ttang	'tang	xtang
ttṳs	'tṳs	xtṳs
kippṳm	ki'pṳm	ki·xpṳm
kkoch	'koch	xkoch
kkekkṳthata	'ke'kṳthata	xke·xkṳthata

Şę́cīen şǎnjīn

/r/

Yǜnthóu: r
Yǜnwěi: l vs. r
- Z̧úkǔo Húayǚ tę̣ "ęrrhùajīn" şr̀ yòng "rr" tę̣ hùa, nà sz̀hū Hányǚ yǜnwěi cìou jě khę̌jǐ yòng "r" lo?
  ↑Tàn jòu cǘetę̣ "r·r" háişr̀ z̧óngjì hàn ę́rrhùa "rr" sīanghǔęn, sǔojǐ yǜnwěi háişr̀ yòng "l" cìau fāngpìen!

Sę̀chājīn hòu cīe yénçhúęn hòumǔjīn

cu vs. çu

"th" coda + "i"

th·i vs. chi

"h" coda

Vh vs. V?
Nàkę̣ yǜnwěi tę̣ sìngçŕ şr̀ şę́mę̣ nę? Hóusę̀wěi? Pù fājīn (çřşr̀ z̧àng hòumìen tę̣ cz̀mǔ sòngchì)?

/i, u/ khāithóu tę̣ chź

Hànyǚ cìechź: şřyòng "j", "w" yǜnthóu
- Tàn jě jǒu sìang "Incheon" çę̀jàng yētìngsúçhę́ngtę̣ chź hùei z̧àng z̧ę́n sǐang wéiçhŕ "i, u" khāithóu… líentài z̧àng z̧ę́n tùei chíthā chź şr̀fǒu jàu yòng "j, w" khāithóu jě jóují chǐlái.
Hányǚ kùjǒuchź: çŕcīe yòng "i", "u" khāithóu

"oi"

= ue? → KOOIUE
= uë? → KOOIUEE
= oe? → KOOIOE
★Húayǚ Wéicīpǎikhę̄ z̧ę̀nwéi şr̀ "oe"(/ø/)! Fàyü Wéicīpǎikhę̄ jě şr̀!
- Hányǚ Wéicipǎikhę̄ şuo yéncę́ şàng şr̀ "oe", khę̌ húoyòng wéi "ue"
  - [SCOO] "ㅚ" thíaumù tǫ̣ fǭnsī çǫ́ şï̀ ỳong [we] (uë)

ta, ita, anita

ta, ita, anita (cí jěnşę̄ng chźwěi z̧ú "ipnita"… tę̌ng), lèisz̀ Hànyǚ sìchź⁵²⁾, cǖn túlì fù yǘ cǜwěi.

"w̤i"

Fājīn wéi "ë", tàn wèilę̣ pìmǐen yǚ cìesìchź "ë" hǔęnjáu, khę̌nę́ng háişr̀ sǐe cùo "w̤i"?

Hūkę́ yǚwěi

-a, -ieo, -isijeo

Çùchź, cìesìchź tę̣ líensǐe

Kę́çùchź:
- Çǔthí, çukę́, şòukę́: ✔
  - tàn jě jǒu khǎulǜ pù líensǐi ę́rr yòng hyphen: [PAHY] -ṳn/-nṳn, -ṳl/-rṳl, -i/-ka
- Sǔojǒukę́ (şǔkę́): ✔ _{(pú sìang Jīngwę́n "of" cìesìchź, ę́rr tāngcùo sìang chǖçę́yǚ tę̣ şǔkę́ pìenhùa)}
  **Tàn cǐnsìen z̧ę́nçhę̄ng tàimíngchź hòu! Jìpān míngchź hòu çę́ tāntú sǐe wéi "w̤i", çę̀şŕ cìou tāngcùo sìang "of" tę̣ cìesìchź ☟
Pǐaujì çùchź
- "N-man": ✕ (tāngcùo lèisz̀ Jīngyǚ "only" fùchź)
- V-çùchź: ✔ _{(chǐngsìang pǐnǐ çhę́ng tòngchź yǚwěi pìenhùa)} salta, salm, sapnita, salajo, san, sal su issta, sanṳn ca…
Cìesìchź: tūopàn chǐngsìang pù líensǐe, pú sìang Hánkúo Jènwę́n tę̣ çę̀ngchźfǎ
Líencīechź "wa/kua": ✕ (tāngcùo lèisz̀ Jīngyǚ "and"; púkùo jě sz̄khǎu Lātīngyǚ "-que")

Yǜnwěi tę̣ pùkūeicę́ pìenhùa

[APII]
Hányǚ tę̣ Jènwę́n hùei yòng "şūang pachim" lái pǐaucì yǜnwěi tę̣ fājīn pìenhùa 많다 → 많은; 살다 → 삶, şḯcì şàng "şūang pachim" çōng çï̌ jǒu jí kę̣ şḯcì fājīn. Kǎi yòng Lúomǎ cï̀mǔ şḯ, şï̀ jàu wánchǘen çǔansǐe çę̀sīe Jènwę́n nę, háişï̀ çï̌jàu pǐaucì şḯcì tújīn cìou hǎu nę?

[HGTR]⁵³⁾: "manh·ta → manh·ṳn; salta → salm"
[CONJU]⁵⁴⁾: "manh·ta → manṳn; salta → sam"

J, W

[JWHan]: J, W hùei yòng cài Hànyǚ cìechḯ
[noJW]: wánchǘen pú yòng J, W
[allJW]: jílǜ yòng J, W, líen Z̧ï̀, Hán kùjǒuchḯ jě pú lìwài

apii, sceo

⁵²⁾

繫詞

⁵³⁾

Hangul transliteration

⁵⁴⁾

conjugation

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